Creating High-Quality Content With Geoffrey Keating From Intercom

Making High-Quality Content With Geoffrey Keating From Intercom There are a few organizations that have very exclusive requirements for the business that they’re in. With regards to content groups, a standout amongst other is Intercom. Today we’re going to talk Geoffrey Keating, a proofreader for the Intercom content group. He’s going to give us access on his privileged insights with regards to the occupations to-be-done hypothesis, how to make novel substance, and how keep yourself on time by arranging and organizing. A portion of the features of the show include: Data about Intercom and what Geoffrey does there. Contemplations on making a message that arrives at the perusers where they are. The kinds of substance and promoting insurance created by Geoffrey’s group. How a little group gets the entirety of the work finished that should be finished. Why Geoffrey avoids considering himself a substance advertiser. What Jobs-to-be-Done is and how it can assist individuals with making better substance and better reach and connect with their intended interest group. The four principle â€Å"buckets† that the Intercom group draws its thoughts from when creating one of a kind substance. Geoffrey’s best guidance for advertisers who are not content with business as usual. Fueled by PodcastMotor Noteworthy Content Marketing controlled by By AMP040: How To Create Exceptionally High-Quality Content With Geoffrey Keating From Intercom 00:00/00:00 1x 100 > Download document Buy in on iTunes Leave Review Offer Connections: Geoffrey on LinkedIn Radio Employments to-be-done strategy BaseCamp Notch HQ Priceonomics In the event that you loved today’s appear, kindly buy in on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The digital broadcast is additionally accessible on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Statements by Geoffrey: â€Å"I like to consider us the inner writer of the organization. We’re continually burrowing for our most recent scoops.† â€Å"When somebody purchases a drill, they’re hoping to bore a 3/4 inch gap you need to gain ground in your life. That’s what Jobs-to-be-Done is. It’s about understanding the feelings that drive individuals to purchase the products.† â€Å"My fundamental guidance for anybody working substance showcasing or beginning at a substance group is ensure that you have an outrageously clear conclusion about the world.†

Spanish Phrases Meaning Unless

Spanish Phrases Meaning Unless A menos que and a no ser que are two of the most widely recognized courses in Spanish to communicate the thought behind the English combination except if. Since the action word following both of these expressions alludes to something that hasnt occurred at this point and may never occur, it normally is in the subjunctive state of mind. As it were, these expressions are utilized in making negative conditions, or something contrary to si or if. At the end of the day, these expressions are utilized to demonstrate that if a specific occasion (the one determined by an action word in the subjunctive mind-set) doesn't happen, at that point another occasion (utilizing an action word in the characteristic state of mind) will (or would, if the contingent tense is utilized). Here are a few models utilizing a menos que: A menos que tengas pasiã ³n en lo que haces, no vas a ser feliz. Except if you have energy about what youre doing, youre not going to be upbeat. No aprobars a menos que estudies mucho. You wont pass except if you concentrate a ton. A menos que el mundo despierte, la humanidad no tiene futuro. Except if the world awakens, mankind doesnt have a future. Generalmente no tengo problema a menos que trance like state alguna comida picante. For the most part I dont have an issue except if I eat fiery food. A menos que estuviera muy enojado, llorarã ­a. Except if I were irate, I would cry. No podemos tener salud a menos que bebamos unos ocho vasos de agua al dã ­a. We cannot be sound except if we drink about eight glasses of water a day. A no ser que is utilized similarly and is almost consistently compatible with a menos que: Va a ser difã ­cil, a no ser que nieve bastante. It will be troublesome, except if it snows enough. La vida no es buena a no ser que uno tenga dinero. Life isnt great except if one has cash. No tendremos à ©xito a no ser que tengamos una visiã ³n worldwide. We wont have achievement except if we have a worldwide vision. La vida no es aceptable a no ser que el cuerpo y el espã ­ritu vivan en armonã ­a. Life isnt adequate except if the body and soul live in agreement. These expressions can likewise be utilized alongside orders rather than an action word in the characteristic in the autonomous provision: No lo haga a menos que comprenda todos los riesgos. Dont do it except if you see all the dangers. Cã ³mpralo, a no ser que tengas dudas. Get it, except if you have questions. Spanish additionally has a few different less regular expressions that have a lot of a similar significance, as appeared in boldface in the sentences beneath: Un cuerpo permanecer en un estado de reposo o de movimiento uniforme, a menos de que una fuerza externa actã ºe sobre à ©l. A body will stay in a condition of rest or consistent movement, except if an outer power follows up on it. Se recomienda no utilizarlo a reserva de que ocean claramente necesario. Utilizing it isn't suggested except if it is plainly important. De no ser que lleves ya una dieta muy bien equilibrada, ser mejor que sigas estes consejos. Except if you follow an exceptionally adjusted eating regimen, it will be better in the event that you follow this counsel. Llegaremos a las nueve salvo que el autobã ºs se retrase. We will show up at 9 except if the transport is late.

The Truth About Smoking Pleasure and Nicotine Addiction

The Truth About Smoking Pleasure and Nicotine Addiction Addiction Nicotine Use Nicotine Withdrawal Print The Truth About Smoking Pleasure and Nicotine Addiction By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Sanja Jelic, MD on January 20, 2020 Sanja Jelic, MD, is board-certified in sleep medicine, critical care medicine, pulmonary disease, and internal medicine.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Sanja Jelic, MD on January 20, 2020 Julia Pfeifer / EyeEm / Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use Nicotine Withdrawal After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Smoking-Related Diseases The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery Smoking is associated with pleasant and comforting feelings for many smokers. It can even be expressed as a love of smoking. Cigarettes can relax you and smoking can be a way to retreat and pamper yourself. You might even think of cigarettes as close friends that have seen you through the ups and downs of your life. How can you hope to quit for good when you love smoking? Logically speaking, cigarettes are full of toxins of the worst kind and are nothing even close to being your friend. Emotionally, however, years of tobacco use have taught you that cigarettes help you with everything from boredom to anger management. Youve learned to look at smoking as a buddy that helps you cope. Smoking Pleasure Is Due to Constant Nicotine Withdrawal Smokers live in an almost constant state of nicotine withdrawal, from the first cigarette of the day until the last. As soon as you stub out a cigarette, the level of nicotine in your bloodstream begins to drop, signaling the start of nicotine withdrawal. Within a half hour, you are  thinking about the next cigarette, and by the one-hour mark, most smokers are edgy and uncomfortable. You light a cigarette and within a few puffs, the discomforts ease up. Chemically, you have that dopamine rush that comes when nicotine attaches to receptors in your brain. The fidgety tension is gone and you are back to feeling comfortable. It wont last long, though, because within a half hour to an hour, the process will repeat itself. It is this pattern of nicotine depletion and replenishment in the bloodstream that you  have learned to think of as smoking pleasure. Over time, that physical need, which is all about addiction, gets attached to every emotion and event in your life. And like  Pavlovs dogs, you learn to crave a cigarette when difficult emotions come, even if the nicotine level in our bloodstream is topped off. Beyond the physical dependence on nicotine, smoking becomes a source of comfort in times of stress. This emotional attachment can make quitting smoking more difficult. Dealing With Stress While You Quit Smoking A Toxic Relationship You ignore that this is a toxic relationship. The good feelings that come from smoking are constantly reinforced every time you light up while the negative effects (such as respiratory problems and lung cancer) can take time to develop and are not immediately associated with the act of smoking. It will take an act of will to break up the relationship. You have to  develop  the will to quit  smoking. If You Want to Change Your Life, Change Your Mind Before you can break out of prison, you must realize you are locked up. ~  Anonymous True and lasting recovery from nicotine addiction must involve changing your relationship to smoking. You have to coax out all of the fallacies you have taught yourself over the years and look at them in the light of day. Give recovery from nicotine addiction all of your attention and know that you are not a helpless slave. You can reclaim your life and get to a place where smoking no longer has the power to influence you. Following a smoking cessation program, utilizing quit aids, and changing your relationship with smoking can help you give up the habit. Things to Stop Doing When You Quit Smoking

How To Make Homemade Drain Cleaner

Why pay for expensive drain cleaners when you can apply chemistry to make the products yourself? Here is how to make homemade drain cleaner to unclog your drain cheaply and effectively. Homemade Drain Cleaner Method #1: Baking Soda and Vinegar The same chemical reaction that makes bubbles for the classic science fair chemical volcano can be used to loosen gunk from a slow drain. When baking soda and vinegar are mixed, carbon dioxide is produced. This agitates material in the clog, making it easier to flush away. Remove as much excess water as possible.Pour a liberal amount of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) into the drain. You can use half a box, if you like.Pour vinegar (weak acetic acid) into the drain. The reaction between the chemicals will produce bubbles.If you have a plunger, try to loosen the clog.Rinse with hot water.Repeat if desired. Mixing baking soda and vinegar is safe and non-toxic. The products are also easy to find and inexpensive, so if your drain is just slow rather than seriously clogged, its a good option to try. If no water is draining at all, you may need to break out the big guns. Drain Cleaner Method #2: Sodium Hydroxide The active ingredient in serious drain cleaner is sodium hydroxide or lye. If youre a true do-it-yourself type, you can actually make sodium hydroxide from the electrolysis of sodium chloride (table salt) in water. Another way to make lye is from ashes. You can purchase sodium hydroxide (also called caustic soda) at any hardware supply store.  Some commercial products also contain small metal flakes, which react with sodium hydroxide to produce hydrogen gas and a lot of heat. The heat helps melt greasy clogs. Fill a plastic bucket most of the way full with cold water. Sodium hydroxide can react with metal, so a glass bowl is fine too, but  dont use a metal pot.Add 3 cups sodium hydroxide. You can stir it with a plastic or wooden spoon. The mixture will fizz and heat up.Pour this solution into the drain. Let it work its magic for 30 minutes,Rinse with boiling water. Safety Information The sodium hydroxide dissolves organic material, like hair and grease. This is a highly effective chemical, but as with commercial drain cleaner, you need to follow safety instructions. Sodium hydroxide can burn your skin and evolve caustic vapors. So, wear gloves and avoid handling sodium hydroxide or putting unprotected hands in the water after adding this product. Make sure air circulation in the room is good and avoid using more product than you need.  While you could simply pour sodium hydroxide in your drain, its much safer for you and your plumbing to mix it with water first to dilute it. Not that you would, but dont drink it or leave it where children or pets might get into it. Avoid inhaling the fumes. Basically, follow the safety precautions listed on the container. Additional Tips A common problem with bathroom sinks, showers, and bathtubs is hair caught in the drain. Remove the drain and pull away any hair or other matter that has become trapped. If you havent tried it already, clear the U-shaped trap below the drain, Put a bucket under the drain and use a wrench to unscrew the trap from the plumbing. Shake it out or use an old toothbrush to push debris through the joint. Rinse it with water before screwing it back into place.

Analysis Of The Book Cuts By Raymond Carver - 2189 Words

Addiction can be defined as â€Å"a condition that results when a person ingests a substance (e.g., alcohol, cocaine, nicotine) or engages in an activity (e.g., gambling, sex, shopping) that can be pleasurable but the continuation of which becomes compulsive and interferes with ordinary responsibilities and concerns, such as work, relationships, or health† (Addiction). Addiction can be seen everywhere, in every family. We all have that uncle who s a drunk or a cousin who s in and out of rehab. It s something everyone deals with and that everyone s ashamed to admit. In the book, Short Cuts by Raymond Carver there are clear signs of alcoholism in his characters that also reflected on himself. Carver is a very talented writer and his short†¦show more content†¦He gradually got better although there were a few relapses. A couple years later he was back on track and had his life together. However his novels and short stories in the early years of his life cannot be ignored . There was deep seated aggression and hatred he had towards himself and everyone around him that he portrayed in his writings (Raymond). During Carver s life time he was a popular influence with his literature. They touched and connected with the masses, on a deep level. Even though in the book, Short Cuts most of the characters don t end up resolving their issues we can still take meaning out of his text. If a reader knew about his alcoholic background and can be clearly seen throughout the book. In some stories you can see the hints of his characters having drug or alcohol problems which portrays his own addiction. In Vitamins, Patti and her boyfriend went to their jobs where they made money but not rough to where they were happy. Thus every night and sometimes during and inbetween shifts they drank, â€Å"I was going to work in a couple of hours. But first we were having us some Scotch and talking. Patti was tired. She was down in the dumps and into her third drink. (Carver 33). Regular drinkers who have a couple of glasses of alcohol a day is considered an alcoholic by most standards, â€Å"Women who consume ei ght or more drinks per week are considered excessive drinkers. And for men, excess is defined as 15 or more drinks aShow MoreRelated Robert Altmans Film Adaptation of Raymond Carvers Short Cuts4363 Words   |  18 PagesRobert Altmans Film Adaptation of Raymond Carvers Short Cuts The characters in Robert Altmans film adaptation of the Raymond Carver anthology Short Cuts think theyre islands entire of themselves. They suspect their lives and their worlds of isolation, alienation, separation, in multiple senses of the words. They fail to see, or perhaps purposely ignore, connections between themselves and those around them, between their actions and the ramifications of those actions. And while a typicalRead MoreA Small Good Thing By Raymond Carver And The Birthmark Essay1877 Words   |  8 PagesA Small Birthmark with Vampiric Communion In the stories â€Å"A Small Good Thing† by Raymond Carver and â€Å"The Birthmark† by Nathaniel Hawthorne there are obvious differences between the two tales. While â€Å"A Small Good Thing† has to do with a family dealing with the injury and then loss of their â€Å"The Birthmark† is a scientific quest to remove a birthmark. The analysis of these two stories show both similarities as well as the differences between the main themes of Vampirism, Communion. These two main themesRead More Raymond Carvers Cathedral Essay6977 Words   |  28 Pages In quot;The Compartment,quot; one of Raymond Carvers bleakest stories, a man passes through the French countryside in a train, en route to a rendevous with a son he has not seen for many years. quot;Now and then,quot; the narrator says of the man, quot;Meyers saw a farmhouse and its outbuildings, everything surrounded by a wall. He thought this might be a good way to live-in an old house surrounded by a wallquot; (Cathedral 48). Due to a last minute change of heart, however, Meyers choosesRead MoreThe Lame Shall Enter First 32248 Words   |  9 Pagesfor the grotesque, for the perverse, and for the unacceptable†¦. To the hard of hearing you shout, and for the almost-blind you draw large and startling figures. —Flannery O’Connor, â€Å"The Fiction Writer and His Country†1 Long before the likes of Raymond Carver, George Saunders and Lydia Davis, Flannery O’Connor was writing biting, grotesque gothic tales, scattered with strong religious and moral overtones. Her symbolic stories contrasted characters in existential extremes in simmering situations. InRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesterms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Edmonds, Ennis Barrington. Rastafari : from outcasts to culture bearers / Ennis Barrington Edmonds. p. cm

Ups and Downs Free Essays

People in this world live with ups and downs. Some of us live in abundance and wealth while others live in rough times. Everyday we struggle to survive and live whatever goals we have in life. We will write a custom essay sample on Ups and Downs or any similar topic only for you Order Now I can directly admit that each of us, wealthy or poor, must do something for the fulfillment of that purpose in this world. It is up to us if we allow ourselves to be defeated by the trials and hardships that we are experiencing in our life or if we fight and make something great out of ourselves. I had selected to analyze and learn more about the life of olaudah equiano because i find his life remarkable and inspirational. His life wasnt easy but still he came out to be a great man who made a mark in history. It is amazing how he transitioned from being a slave to a great man to be remembered. It amazed me how his writing helped the slaves and be benefited from what he created and act on it. I also believe olaudah equianos life was documented with significance because it led a way for people to understand and be aware of the misery of the slave being traded to a foreigners were able to perceive and discern both reasons from those who took the slaves as well as the bad experiences that was inhumane trading. Olaudah equianos life did not only touch my heart but it helped me understand the lives of the slaves back then. It is bad enough that they are poor and it even worse that they had to go through this hardships of being taken away from their families and start working at a young age. Its not their fault being poor and be taken for slavery.. This article pertains to the life based on the autobiography of a great man, helped paved a way to the creation of the slave trade act of 1807. It is an act that made trading slaves on british colonies illegal. The detailed writing of olaudah equianos life pictured the agony and anguish of the slaves that are being kidnapped and traded at a very young age. On top of that they are being sold and are forced to do hard work even if their rights were already being violated. It is heartbreaking. How he described word for word what he had been through while being transported. The thought alone of being away from his family can touch ones heart. I was touched together with those who considered his writing as an eye opener to the readers and the authors of the slave trade act felt the same. How to cite Ups and Downs, Papers

Dkf djfk Essay Example For Students

Dkf djfk Essay ?Is Spanking a Correct Tool for Punishment of Children?New or expecting parents have a lot to think about. For instance, what day care is theirchild going to attend, which of the 30 doctors offices that they visited are they going to pick,which babysitter, which crib will be the safest and most comfortable, and whether or not theyshould get a new alarm system placed in their home. The one thing that is constantly debated iswhether or not parents should spank their children. Every parent either has a firm view or is stillsearching for what is best for the child. Rarely does anyone have an apathetic view on thissubject. The truth is that spanking children is necessary to communicate to them that they haveAt a day care in Irmo, South Carolina, the employees cannot spank the children. There is agirl there that works mostly with children that are about two years old. Some of them can speak afew words, but others can barely speak anything besides â€Å"no.† The other day this employ ee wasplaying outside with them. They have a big sandbox that the kids love to play in. Three boysnamed T.J., Brandon, and Kevin were playing together. T.J. and Brandon began throwing sand allover each other and Kevin. They had sand everywhere: in their hair, in their diapers, in their shirts,in their shoes and socks. No one likes to be the one who gets the sand thrown on them. So, Kevinwas crying while T.J. and Brandon continued fighting. The employee yelled for them to stop and ifthey didn’t that she was going to put them into time out. The only reaction she got was that theypaused and then gave her a confused stare. Then, even as she was staring back at them, they justwent back to throwing sand everywhere. So she yelled at them again and the same thing happened. So she put them in â€Å"time out† and they had no idea why they were being punished. These are notbad kids and it never hurt anyone to get a little sand on them. But when they are throwing iteverywhere and an innocent person is getting sand in his eyes, then it is time to stop. After theyhad been in time out for a while the employee went to them and asked if they were going to do itagain and made them apologize to Kevin. It only took them a few minutes to begin doing the sameBrandon and T.J. are too young to understand what she was trying to communicate tothem through yelling and â€Å"time out† periods. If she had been able to lightly but firmly tap them ontheir hand or bottom while they were holding the shovel and about to throw the sand they wouldhave been able to understand that there are harsh(to them at least) punishments for doing a badthing. It is not their fault that they did not understand me; they are just too young to reason withand tell them why something is wrong. Children understand physical pain but they do notunderstand reason. From the example above we can prove that children do not understand reason. In a home there was a wood stove that heated the whole house. One day cousin Shane came over. Shane was told not to touch the stove because it was very hot. He nodded his head inunderstanding. An hour later Shane came running to his mother screaming! He had burned hiswhole hand on the stove. Even though someone had sat him down and explained to him not totouch the stove or it would hurt him, he still did not understand. Shane never again even went nearthe stove. This is why reason does not work and connecting slight physical pain with doing wrongis something that a young child can grasp. .uf75877db7b16ff21389b9bd45bc88d32 , .uf75877db7b16ff21389b9bd45bc88d32 .postImageUrl , .uf75877db7b16ff21389b9bd45bc88d32 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf75877db7b16ff21389b9bd45bc88d32 , .uf75877db7b16ff21389b9bd45bc88d32:hover , .uf75877db7b16ff21389b9bd45bc88d32:visited , .uf75877db7b16ff21389b9bd45bc88d32:active { border:0!important; } .uf75877db7b16ff21389b9bd45bc88d32 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf75877db7b16ff21389b9bd45bc88d32 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf75877db7b16ff21389b9bd45bc88d32:active , .uf75877db7b16ff21389b9bd45bc88d32:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf75877db7b16ff21389b9bd45bc88d32 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf75877db7b16ff21389b9bd45bc88d32 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf75877db7b16ff21389b9bd45bc88d32 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf75877db7b16ff21389b9bd45bc88d32 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf75877db7b16ff21389b9bd45bc88d32:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf75877db7b16ff21389b9bd45bc88d32 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf75877db7b16ff21389b9bd45bc88d32 .uf75877db7b16ff21389b9bd45bc88d32-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf75877db7b16ff21389b9bd45bc88d32:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: America Of Frost EssayPeople will argue that spanking is just a way for the parents to vent their anger whileâ€Å"abusing† the child. This is false if the parent is correcting the child properly. There is a bigdifference between abuse and correction. The proper way to go about spanking children is; as soonas the parent finds out what the child has done, they should make sure that the child knows whathe or she has done wrong then send them to their room. This is to give both the child some timeto think about what they have done and the parent some time to cool down. Then when the parentis calm they should call the child down and once again explain what they did wron g and they spankthe child lightly but firmly. After the duty is done the parent should let the child know how muchthey love him or her. This will prevent the child from thinking the parent hates them and will neverforgive them. Also waiting until the parent is calm will guarantee that they are not acting out ofThere are unfortunately many people that do abuse their children and child abuse is not asubject that should be taken lightly. But there are times when children do need to be physicallyshown that they have done something wrong. Before spanking a child there are some things that parents must think about: whether or not the only answer is to spank( spanking should be a lastresort), they need to make sure that the child knows why he or she is being spanked, and theyparent MUST be calm! Spanking children out of anger is abuse. But spanking children is necessaryto communicate to them that they have done something wrong. Bibliography:

What is welfare According to recent polls, most A Essay Example For Students

What is welfare? According to recent polls, most A Essay mericans consider this nations welfare system a failure and a disgrace (LeVert 10). Most people use the word welfare to mean income support or public assistance programs designed to help people who are already poor. Although it is geared to poverty-stricken people, families, and children, most people have benefited from government aid or assistance programs, in other words, welfare. Poverty in America is a disease for which there is plenty of treatment, but no known cure. In the essay, On Dumpster Diving, Lars Eighner describes what life is like scavenging for food, and living on the street. In order to survive he had to dumpster dive. Eighner describes this as scrounging dumpsters for his basic needs, food and clothing (19). Whatever he eats, drinks, or wears come from dumpsters. The unfortunate circumstances that led to his situation occur to millions of people throughout the country. The growing problem of homelessness is worsened by the welfare programs that offer subsistence rather than opportunities, or incentives (Long 23). Federal expenditures for public and private low-cost housing have been cut from $30 billion, in 1981, to $7 billion in 1987, and only about 4 million of 10 million eligible households receive federal rental assistance of any kind (Long 29). We will write a custom essay on What is welfare? According to recent polls, most A specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the essay, A Nation of Welfare Families, Stephanie Coontz discusses her belief that all families in American history have depended on the legislative, judicial, and social structures set up by the government (Coontz 994). The suburban family of the 1950s was far more dependent on government assistance than any so-called underclass family of today (Coontz 995). Federal GI benefit payments, available to forty percent of the male population between the ages twenty and thirty-four, permitted a whole generation of men to expand their education and improve their job with The National Defense Education Act (Coontz 996). Government spending was largely responsible for the new highways, sewer systems, utility services, and traffic control programs that expanded the suburbs. In the postwar period, the Federal Housing Authority, supplemented by the GI Bill, put the federal government in the business of regulating loans for single home construction. FHA policy required a down payment of only five to ten percent of the purchase price and guaranteed mortgages of up to thirty years at interest rates of just two to three percent (Coontz 995). The current welfare system tries to help the poor in the form of in-kind benefits, not cash assistance. These programs aim to improve the quality of life of those without enough money for food, shelter, medical care, or education. Such programs include food subsides such as the Food Stamp Program, the School Lunch Program, and the Women and Child Nutrition Program; medical insurance or Medicaid; housing subsides, which provide public housing or vouchers toward rental assistance; and Low-Income Home Energy Assistance, which helps needy families pay their energy costs (LeVert 40). Although there is a great amount of welfare given to the poor most people benefit in some way from our system of social welfare. The retired person who collects Social Security checks, the low-income family who receive Food Stamps, the college student who is gr anted a low-interest federal student loan, and the worker who collects unemployment after losing their job are all beneficiaries of the system of welfare. Composed of more than two hundred federal and state programs, the welfare system is a complex patchwork of social insurance, means-tested programs, and includes cash assistance and non-cash, or in-kind benefits (LeVert 36). In 1992, total expenditures for all of these programs amounted to about $700 billion with more than two-thirds of this money spent on only three programs: Social Security, Medicaid, and Unemployment Insurance (LeVert 39). Almost everyone in this country will benefit presently, or in the future from these three programs. Social Security provides cash assistance to retired citizens who are sixty-two years of age or older, survivors of deceased workers, and those forced to retire because of disability. In 1991, the federal government allowed an individual to receive a maximum of $1022 a month, and the average Soci al Security pension for a worker who retired at age sixty-five, however, amounted to about $602 a month (LeVert 47). When one retires he or she will receive social security, as financial assistance paid for by the government, or in other words, welfare. .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9 , .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9 .postImageUrl , .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9 , .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9:hover , .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9:visited , .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9:active { border:0!important; } .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9:active , .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9 .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ethnographic Interview EssayMedicare provides limited medical coverage to elderly citizens. Beneficiaries commonly contribute to the cost of insurance, and because the services it provides are limited, many people must purchase additional medical insurance. This program accounts for about 22 percent of all social insurance costs. Unemployment insurance is available to workers who are involuntarily unemployed. Benefits are based on a percentage of past earnings and are funded through employers payroll tax. Although the maximum duration of benefits for an unemployed person is usually twenty-six weeks, a state may extend this coverage if its unemployment rate exceeds a certai n percentage. The amount a worker may collect depends on the salary earned, but a maximum weekly amount is fixed by each state. These maximums range from about $100 to $300 a week, and in 1992, a total of $37 billion was spent in funding this program (Maloney 11). In conclusion, whether in the past, present or future one will be the beneficiary of government aid. People receive federal assistance from the government but are reluctant to refer to it as welfare because of the stigma surrounding this controversial topic. Welfare is not just for the poor, in fact, even the wealth benefit from federal aid in some ways. Whatever reforms re made to our welfare system one thing is certain, they will need to be reexamined regularly because the effect everyone living in this countryWorks CitedCoontz, Stephanie. A Nation of Welfare Families. The Norton Reader. Ed. Linda H. Peterson et al. 9th ed. New York, 1996. 993-997. Eighner, Lars. On Dumpster Diving. The Norton Reader. Ed. Linda H. Peterson et al. 9th ed. New York,1996. 19-29. LeVert, Marianne. The Welfare System. New York: The Millbrook Press, 1995. Long, Robert Emmet. The Welfare Debate. New York: The H.W. Wilson Company, 1989. Maloney, Lawrence. Welfare in America: Is it a Flop? U.S. News World Report. Dec. 1984: 10+.

Cooperative Learning Sample Lesson

Cooperative Learning Sample Lesson Cooperative learning is a great technique to implement into your curriculum. As you begin to think about and design this strategy to fit into your teaching, consider using the following tips. Present the material first, cooperative learning comes after students are taught.Choose your strategy and explain how it works to the students. For this sample lesson, students will be using the jigsaw strategy.Assess students individually. Although students will work together as a team they will also be working individually to complete a specific task. Here is a cooperative learning sample lesson using the the Jigsaw method. Choosing Groups First, you must choose your cooperative learning groups. An informal group will take about one class period or the equivalent to one lesson plan period. A formal group can last from several days to several weeks. Presenting the Content Students will be asked to read a chapter in their social studies books about the first nations of North America. Afterward, read the childrens book The Very First Americans by Cara Ashrose. This is a story about how the first Americans lived. It shows the students beautiful pictures of art, clothing, and other Native American artifacts. Then, show students a brief video about Native Americans. Teamwork Now its time to divide students into groups and use the jigsaw cooperative learning technique to research the First Americans. Divide students into groups, the number depends on how many subtopics you want the students to research. For this lesson divide students into groups of five students. Each member of the group is given a different assignment. For example, one member will be responsible for researching the First American customs; while another member will be in charge of learning about the culture; another member is responsible for understanding the geography of where they lived; another must research the economics (laws, values); and   the last member is responsible for studying the climate and how the first American got food, etc. Once students have their assignment they can go off on their own to research it by any means necessary. Each member of the jigsaw group will meet with another member from another group that is researching their exact topic.For example, students that researching the First Americans culture would meet regularly to discuss information, and share information on their topic. They are essentially the expert on their particular topic. Once students have completed their research on their topic they return to their original jigsaw cooperative learning group. Then each expert will now teach the rest of their group everything that they learned. For example, the customs expert would teach members about the customs, the geography expert would teach members about the geography, and so on. Each member listens carefully and takes notes on what each expert in their groups discusses. Presentation: Groups can then give a brief presentation to the class on the key features that they learned on their particular topic. Assessment Upon completion, students are given a test on their subtopic as well as on the key features of the other topics that they learned in their jigsaw groups. Students will be tested on the First Americans culture, customs, geography, economics, and climate/food. Looking for more information about cooperative learning? Here is the official definition, group management tips and techniques, and effective learning strategies on how to monitor, assign and manage expectations.

Macroeconomics (inflation) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Macroeconomics (inflation) - Essay Example The inference is not necessarily correct: other explanations are equally logical and sufficiently important to be worth serious consideration. Many countries might experience inflation at the same time without international transmission of inflationary forces because they respond in the same way to common causes (Wickens 54). All countries have undergone long-period institutional and structural changes which, although not in themselves inflationary, have made them more vulnerable to inflation. One of these changes is a widespread increase in the resistance to reductions of nominal prices and wages. Another is the growing role of the public sector in most national economies, a development that may increase the vulnerability to inflation in a number of different ways, which are discussed in the appendix to this paper. Another possible cause of a decrease in the dispersion of rates of change in consumer prices and other comprehensive price indexes, such as gross national product deflato rs, is a convergence in the rates of productivity growth of different countries. These comprehensive price indexes tend to diverge from the corresponding national indexes of wholesale prices in degrees related to the growth in a country's productivity. If changes in national wholesale prices continue to be tied together, a convergence of national rates of productivity growth would cause a convergence of changes in their consumer price indexes and GNP deflators (Wickens 51). Gali (2008) underlines that monetary changes may directly release inflationary forces. In the monetary field, the development and expansion of the Eurocurrency market, even if it has not greatly increased the supply of what one chooses to call "money," has increased the supply of liquidity or reduced the demand for it. Similarly, the establishment of special drawing rights has provided a non-national addition to the international reserve assets of the recipient countries without increasing the liabilities of other countries. Other explanations of a decrease in dispersion of inflation rates are also possible. For example, inflation rates may have been generated in many countries at the same time merely because cyclical expansion in a number of important countries coincided to an unusual degree (Gali 77). Although the probability that such similarity of movement in several large countries occurred by sheer coincidence may not be high, it is not so low as to be negligible; such synchron ization has occurred at times in the past when the world economy is widely regarded as having been less integrated than it is now, and it occurred then to a greater extent than in some subsequent periods, as is indicated by the evidence cited in the appendix (Gali 72). As national inflation rates may converge without increased international transmission through market forces, so may such transmission increase without making inflation rates converge. Indeed, an increase in such transmission may even increase the dispersion of some measures of inflation. This may be more than a possibility with regard to dispersion of consumer price in

Respond to questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Respond to questions - Assignment Example Furthermore, social media has become another platform which can be used to influence people against acknowledging thin models being used in fashion shows or adverts. However, being thin should not be deemed as unhealthy. Nevertheless, this campaign should be directed towards those using drugs or skipping meals in order to be thin. Such people should be banned from participating in adverts or fashion shows in the country. Therefore, all people who want to participate in these shows should have a record of their weight reviewed and an approval from a physician. The current challenges that the world is facing such as global warming exist because there has been no strict regulations on the industries. Therefore, leaving the decision on the use of sustainable materials to designers is a major risk to the existence of the future generation. The student has argued logically on the need for the current generation to protect the scarce resources and an already strained environment. The essay is clear with only minor grammatical issues. However, the essay can be used in major arguments that are related to

Examples Of Acute Injuries Health And Social Care Essay

Examples Of Acute Injuries Health And Social Care Essay To be fit and healthy it is important that you exercise, however, exercise too much and you could injure yourself. This can be caused by; An accident while training Insufficient equipment Pushing yourself too hard Not warming up properly Sports injuries can be classed into two categories; Acute injury Overuse injury An acute injury is on in which there is rapid onset of pain is resulting from an incident that has been traumatic for example, an injury. It is normally impact on a specific part of the body. Examples of acute injuries are; Sprains are injuries to ligaments by stretching them too far or by being torn. Ligaments are fibrous tissue which holds bones together as well as to keep your body in position preventing any unwanted movements. Examples of ligaments are; the calcaneoifbular ligament in the ankle which is the damaged ligament in the picture on the right. A sprain is an injury to a muscle or to a tendon. Muscles move your skeleton and this in turn pulls on a tendon which is connected to a bone. Both can be stretched but if they are stretched to far it can cause a tear in it. A contusion or bruise in common terms, is one of the most common sports injuries. These occur when a blood vessel underneath the skin ruptures due to compressive force to a muscle. Blood then leaks into the dermis layer of the skin, causing discoloration. This can also occur to organs. Dislocation is the separation of two bones at their meeting joint due to sudden force to the joint; this is clearly shown by the picture on the left. Therefore, the bone is no longer in its normal position. Dislocation can cause damage to the tissues surrounding the bone as well as any ligaments attached to the bone. Damage can also be done to the blood vessels and nerves. A fracture is a condition where the bone has broken or when there is a crack present in the bone. These occur due to high force or stress on the bone. Fractures can occur in any bone in the human body, however, bones can normally withstand most impacts and it is only if the force is too much it fractures. There are several different classes which fractures can be classed into; all are identified on the right. Closed/Simple fracture is when the bone is only damaged and there has been no damage done to the tissue or skin surrounding the bone. Compound/Open fracture is when the skin or tissue surrounding the fracture has been damaged. There is a higher risk of infection with this type due to the damage to the skin. Overuse injuries are those that are caused by recurring actions which damage tendons, ligaments, muscles and tissues in the same place over a period of time. Common overuse injuries are; Tennis elbow is due to injury of both the muscle and tendon on the outside of the radius and ulna, or more specifically the lateral epicondyle. It is caused my overuse of the forearm muscles resulting in pain. It is most common in tennis players; however, you do not need to be a tennis play to get this. Golfers elbow is a similar condition to tennis elbow, only this condition affects the muscle and tendons on the inside of the arm. Iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS) is caused by repetitive trauma to the Iliotibial band which is present in legs and runs along the outside of the thigh which keeps the knee in place as it flexes and extends. ITBS is the overuse of this band resulting in pain specifically during running and inflammation of the iliotibial band. A Shin splint occur when there is a recurring and a large amount of exercise being done. This puts large amounts of pressure onto the leg which can cause injury to the bone and tissue that surrounds it. Shin splints can also be where small tears develop in the interosseous membrane in the leg or tiny fractures develop on the surface of the tibia. Sports injuries are very common. One of which is a broken leg, this happened to American football wide receiver Tyrone Prothro who played for the University of Alabama between 2003 and 2005. On 1st October 2005, during a game versus the Florida Gators, Prothro went for a touchdown pass and got hit in the air and the way he landed on the ground he fractured both the tibia and fibula. Since the leg is deformed, this would be classed as a severe tibia and fibula fracture resulting in the inability to stand and walk as well as weakness in both the leg and foot. Damage was more than likely done to the surrounding tissue, nerves and blood vessels. First aid First aid is very important when it comes to an injured person. There are a number of rules in which you can follow; DR ABC is a mnemonic which is used soon after someone got injured; Danger Check the area and make sure you and the people around you are safe, especially the injured person. Response Can the injured person hear you? Can they open and close their eyes? Any movements? Response to touch? Airway Is there a blockage in the throat or have they swallowed their tongue? Is the head in a suitable position to allow breathing? Care should be taken not to make anything worse but the airway must be cleared if it is blocked. Breathing Can the injured person breathe clearly? Circulation Is there a pulse? Is the pulse weak / strong / racing R.I.C.E is another mnemonic that is used for tissue injuries; Rest This is important for repairing the body as without it more strain would be placed on the injured area leading to more injury. Ice Ice is perfect for reducing inflammation and any pain caused. It is recommended that you ice for 20 minutes and then no ice for 20 minutes. This can reduce the chance of getting frostbite, as well as wrapping the ice in a towel before placing it on the injured area. If you use the ice for too long, this can prolong the repairing time as it will restrict the blood flow to the area, which can reduce the nutrients getting the tissues of the injured area. Compression Compression is used to reduce the swelling that is from inflammation but everyone does get some swelling. For this an elastic bandage is better as it does not restrict the blood flow as is not to be too tight. Elevation ­ Elevation is good at reducing swelling by the higher amount of blood which returns to the systemic circulation. This break is easy to diagnose by the use of modern imaging techniques; X-rays CT scan MRI scan Bone scan Extremity ultrasound However, in Tyrone Prothro circumstances, he was given an X-ray as this was the fastest technique to use and is the least expensive. X-rays are high photon energy electromagnetic radiation which can be used in both diagnosis and therapy. As the rays pass thought the body, the photons present in your body are absorbed at different rates; this is what produces the image. The materials in your body which are dense, like bone, show up as white areas on the image. The parts of your body which are made of softer material, like muscles and organs, show up as darker areas. X-rays can be dangerous if the does given is too much for the body, however, medical x-rays are normally are a very small dose level, meaning the chance of radiation damage to your body is small. Due to the way in which Tyrone Prothro fractured his tibia and fibula, surgery had to be the option due to being the quickest option as without it, it would take years to heal or might never heal and will constantly be in pain. He had to get three separate surgeries due to the damage done to the tissue, nerve and blood vessel damage. The doctors put an intramedullary rod in his leg which will align the leg and help to fix the fracture. The IM rod was inserted into the interior of the bones, where the bone marrow is present. This is the best way to help heal the broken tibia and fibula as it does not support the bone; instead it shares the load with the bone. Rehabilitation of the broken tibia and fibula would be used to restore the function of the limb, as best as possible and to reduce the discomfort the patient is in. The patient may need the use of crutches, depending on the weight bearing position. The doctor may also decide if Tyrone would need the use of an orthopaedic cast, which means the leg would be covered by plaster to create a shell type casing. This is to reduce the movement the injured limb to do which will decrease the healing time. Once the cast has been removed, the patient will have to visit a physiotherapist to regain strength and range of motion in the leg. However, it will never be the same as what he had before the injury. Both the tibia and fibula may start to heal within 6 to 16 weeks of the injury, but the capability of the bone to sustain a heavy load could take up to a year, meaning the injured may be is some sort of discomfort until then. REHABILITATION VISITS Non-surgical Specialist Fracture, Tibia or Fibula Physical Therapist Up to 20 visits within 8 weeks Surgical Specialist Fracture, Tibia or Fibula Physical Therapist Up to 16 visits within 8 weeks http://www.mdguidelines.com/fracture-tibia-or-fibula/rehabilitation The table is how often you would have to visit a physiotherapist if you had a broken tibia and fibula. Or Tyrone Prothro, surgery was the option, meaning once he was released from hospital and ready, he would have to visit the physiotherapist 16 times within the space of 8 weeks, means 2 times a week. Due to the damage that was done and his leg never fully recovering, meaning he was advised never to play football again, his career finished. Prevention of sports injuries There are six steps that are highly important to reduce the risk of sports injuries; Warm up Do not over do it Stay hydrated Using the right technique Use of the proper equipment Cool down Sports occupation The sports profession that I have chosen to examine in this unit is physiotherapy. Physiotherapy helps to restore the function and movement in any part of the body where the human has been effect by a disability, illness or injury. This is normally done through movement, exercise and education. The American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties (ABPTS), state that there are 8 credible types of physiotherapy; Sports This has to be the most common type of physiotherapy, being used every day. It is the management of injuries for all types of athletes, amateur to Olympian. It involves the treatment and healing of injuries. Orthopedic This type helps to identify and care for injuries or disorders of the musculoskeletal system. Pediatric This type is all about improving coordination and balance within a human as well as their motor skills. It can also be used to focus on strength and endurance. Humans with conditions such as, spina bifida and cerebral palsy. Normally this is used on children and adolescents. Cardiovascular and Pulmonary This is for the treatment of humans with cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders, as well as those who have had cardiac or pulmonary surgery such as, bypass surgery. This is used in humans with the following disorders; pulmonary fibrosis, CORD (Chronic Obstructive Respiratory Disease), heart attacks. Geriatric This type of physiotherapy is for the vast amount of conditions that affect humans as they grow old and therefore would only be practiced on the elderly. A few examples of the conditions are as follows; Alzheimers disease, cancer, arthritis and osteoporosis. Neurological This type is practiced on those with a neurological disorder such as, Alzheimers disease, cerebral palsy, Parkinsons disease and motor neurone disease Clinical electrophysiology This type normally is used with electrophysiological evaluation where an EMG (electromyography) is used. Integumentary This is used as a treatment for skin and organ conditions like burns and wounds. University level Physiotherapy is degree based career, meaning you have to go through university if you wish to become a physiotherapist. University of Ulster is the only university in Northern Ireland to offer a degree, specifically, a BSc Hons in physiotherapy. The university states that applicants must; Hold a GCSE pass in English Language at Grade C or above (or equivalent).   You must also have obtained a GCSE pass in Mathematics at grade C or above (or equivalent). A level Grades BBB to include one science subject from Biology, Chemistry, Maths, Physics or Double Award Applied Science  (with a BB in Double Award Applied Science). Irish Leaving Certificate B2B2B3B3B3 at higher level to include two subjects from Maths, Physics, Biology or Chemistry. English and Maths Grade D at Higher Level or Grade C at Ordinary Level. BTEC National Diploma Successful completion of a science related BTEC National Diploma with a DDM profile.   Pass with overall average of 70 71% to include 70% in each final year module. Final year modules must include 2 from the following:- Maths (with maths to be presented at level 3), Biology, Physics, Chemistry. Applicants must also sit the Health Professions Admissions Test results in a satisfactory performance in the HPAT. As well as testing all candidates are required to undergo a medical examination and criminal records check (AccessNI). http://prospectus.ulster.ac.uk/course/?id=9773 BSc Hons in Physiotherapy is a three year course results in peoples meeting the demand of physiotherapists in the current health care system, the NHS or via private practices. In each of the three years you study; Year 1 Development of professional identity and professionalism Knowledge and Skills for Professional Practice, and Communication and Psychology for the Health Sciences. An understanding of core subjects: Physiology and, Structure, Function and Assessment of the Human Body. Specific skills are taught with regard to cardio-respiratory, electrotherapy, walking rehabilitation and therapeutic exercise. Students undertake a one week orientation and a six week clinical placement. Year 2 Neurological rehabilitation. Spinal dysfunction and rehabilitation. Musculoskeletal. Pediatrics. Oncology. Amputation rehabilitation. Students undertake two six week clinical placements. Year 3 Cardio-respiratory and professional issues develop awareness of the role of the physiotherapist within the multidisciplinary team and in a changing clinical environment. Students undertake an investigative project or dissertation Students undertake two six week clinical placements. http://prospectus.ulster.ac.uk/course/?id=9773 Professional Organisations Once you have completed the course, you leave with a BSc (Bachelor of Science) in Physiotherapy and are therefore eligible for registration with the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC), this was set up with the Health Service reform 2002 and membership of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy (CSP). As a physiotherapy student at the University of Ulster, they recommend that you join CSP as soon as possible with membership being a one off payment. Personal Qualities As a physiotherapist it is important that they are fit and healthy, to set an example to your clients. Good communication and social skills are key to ensure a good relationship between the therapist and the patient. Tolerance and patience is an important quality, due to this being a very hand on career. Careers Beyond obtaining the BSc in physiotherapy, you can either go into a career or do a postgraduate degree, MSc which is a Master of Science. The University of Ulster offers Physiotherapy at MSc level. If one does not want to go on to do a postgraduate degree then it is possible to go into the world of work, the possibilities are endless with physiotherapy due to the vast amounts of sports played in the world or any other types of physiotherapy (ABPTS) are needed on a daily basis. NHS vs. Private Care There are various jobs available on the NHS (National Health Service) and private practitioners, both of which are highly regarded. With the NHS based jobs, they would be working in a hospital environment and are needed in most of the departments; Outpatients Intensive care Womens health Care of the elderly Stroke patients Orthopedics Mental illness Learning difficulties Occupational health Terminally ill Pediatrics This means that they will constantly be on the clocked and needed for various things. Physiotherapists do not just work in the hospital surrounding; they would work in various environments; Industry Special schools The private sector (for example, private practice) Education Leisure sport For physiotherapists that are in the private sector would work in the same principles as those on the NHS, however, the private section physios will have to be paid for. There are three bands for physiotherapists on the NHS, all have a different salary;  £21,176  £27,534 (band 5)  £25,472  £34,189 for specialist physiotherapists (band 6)  £30,460  £40,157 for advanced physiotherapists (band 7) The physiotherapists that work in the private sector will generally have the same salary as those on the NHS. Medical Physics Roger Muncaster http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sports-injuries/Pages/Introduction.aspx http://www.sportsmd.com/sportsmd_articles/id/347.aspx http://sportsmedicine.about.com/od/glossary/g/acute_def.htm http://orthopedics.about.com/cs/sprainsstrains/a/sprain.htm http://www.howtotreatasprainedankle.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/sprained-ankle-pic.jpg http://www.examples10.com/e/ligaments/ http://www.umm.edu/graphics/images/en/19618.jpg http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/88153-overview http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=135557ref=132720 http://images.emedicinehealth.com/images/healthwise/medical/hw/n5550698.jpg http://www.empowher.com/files/ebsco/images/si55550720.jpg http://www.chanorthopaedics.com.sg/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/type-of-fracture.gif http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/173312.php http://www.nsmi.org.uk/articles/overuse-injuries.html http://img.webmd.boots.com/dtmcms/live/webmd_uk/consumer_assets/site_images/articles/health_and_medical_reference/joints_bones_and_muscles/arthritis_tennis_elbow.jpg http://www.webmd.boots.com/osteoarthritis/guide/tennis-elbow http://davidrobertsphysio.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/golferselbow.gif http://www.sdri.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/ITBS1-201300.jpg http://www.medicinenet.com/iliotibial_band_syndrome/article.htm http://0.tqn.com/f/p/440/graphics/images/en/19482.jpg http://sportsmedicine.about.com/b/2007/08/21/shin-splints.htm http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/shin-splints/Pages/Introduction.aspx http://blog.al.com/rapsheet/2009/04/medium_t1_proth_si.jpg http://www.manlyweb.com/sports/injuries/prothro.htm http://medical.cdn.patient.co.uk/images/i77_l.jpg http://www.freemd.com/tibia-fracture/overview.htm http://image.sciencesource.com/photos/preview/7w/7w2937.jpg http://www.teachpe.com/multi/dr_abc.htm http://www.freemd.com/tibia-fracture/evaluation.htm http://sportsmedicine.about.com/cs/rehab/a/rice.htm http://www.body-dynamics.co.uk/rice.html http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/x-ray/pages/introduction.aspx http://www.tyroneprothro.com/news.htm http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/figures/A00525F02.jpg http://orthopedics.about.com/cs/brokenbones/g/imrod.htm http://www.mdguidelines.com/fracture-tibia-or-fibula/rehabilitation http://www.louisbarnett.com/leg-cast.jpg http://sportsmedicine.about.com/cs/injuryprevention/a/aa101801a.htm http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Sports-injuries/Pages/Prevention.aspx

Ethical Issues in Research Essay

Ethical issues are essential factors that must be given due and proper consideration in research. This becomes even more applicable when researchers deal with studies that involve human beings and animals. Numerous experiments are being made to achieve progress in various fields of discipline, including psychology. In doing so, human beings and animals must be protected, especially since using them in these experiments involves their well-being. For this reason, ethical standards are established. Ethical standards serve as the guidelines that govern the proper and improper participation and utilization of these life forms in research (University of Alberta, 2008). These standards ensure that studies which involve human beings and animals are subjected to limitations so that they would not be taken advantage of. According to the British Psychological Society (BPS) (2008), ethical guidelines give importance to respecting an individual as the researchers should not express any sign of prejudice toward the participants due to differences in racial descent, sexuality, language, and such. The privacy of the participants should also be respected. Thus, researchers must only acquire the personal information necessary for the study, and this information must be kept confidential. The researchers should also obtain the consent of the individuals who will participate in the study. During the study itself, participants should also be protected from any kind of harm, may it be psychological (e. g. , stress and anxiety) or physical. Moreover, the researchers also have to respect the participant’s right to leave an experiment any time that he or she wishes to. In another perspective, ethics tend to limit the advancement of psychological science. Since there are many guidelines and rules that have to be followed, researchers do not have full control over their participants. This sometimes hinders and impedes the experimentation process. Furthermore, obtaining the necessary license for this kind of research could be time-consuming, which can be used for the study itself (BPS, 2008). Scientists should accept and follow the limitations brought about by ethical guidelines because these guidelines only give due importance to the life of the participants. The main justification for these research studies is that the findings obtained from these would contribute to the knowledge and information on various fields of discipline and help improve the lives of individuals. This gives such studies an objective that is morally good (National Academy of Sciences, 2006). Hence, scientists should value the lives of the people they claim to help. Lastly, the one responsible in identifying the parameters of the participants’ protection are competent organizations that are familiar with the field of study being researched. In the case of the United States, the American Psychological Association (APA) (2008) is an organization that represents the psychologists in the U. S. APA (2008) implements an ethics code that every member of the organization must adhere to. References American Psychological Association. (2008). APA Ethics Office. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from http://www. apa. org/ethics/.British Psychological Society. (2008). Ethics. Scienceaid. co. uk. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from http://scienceaid. co. uk/psychology/approaches/ethics. html. National Academy of Sciences. (2006). Scientific and ethical justification for using animals in research. Online Ethics Center for Engineering. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from http://www. onlineethics. org/cms/16216. aspx. University of Alberta. (2008). Human Ethics, Biohazards, and Animal Welfare. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from http://www. rso. ualberta. ca/certification. cfm.

How to Choose Controversial Topics Essay

How to Choose Controversial Topics Essay Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Controversial Topics Essay Is Wrong Prior exposure or knowledge about a specific subject provides better hindsight which could bring superior arguments on the issue. If you write your personal assertion and extra essays without producing the appropriate purposes, you're likely to be just enjoy the 10,000 additional applicantswhich, incidentally isn't fantastic. After reading lots of research papers in addition to both expert and amateur commentaries about the issue it's my opinion which not only is intervention on behalf of foreign civilians trying to progress democratization a crucial thing, but even a domestically responsible and ultimately beneficial thing. It's simple to find a great deal of sources and to create a strong argument to back up your opinion. Short paragraphs will typically pull in more readers. 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When choosing a topic for a training plan, article or tool for your Realtor mentor program there are numerous things to take into account. On the flip side, if you choose a controversial topic you have very little interest in, you'll find it quite challenging to finish the assignment. If you would like your presentation to be the best it can be, it is very important to decide on the most suitable to pic. Canadian students must deal with precisely the same problem of selecting engaging argumentative essay topics as the remainder of the world. If you wish to compose a post but there's too much detail to the topic to genuinely offer you much assistance then just narrow this issue down to a single step in the approach. Discover which of the topics, you currently have a fairly good background on which will make it possible for you to have a relative edge. If you can't locate a controversial topic on the list that suits your passion, there are lots of different resources out there. The kind of matter you pick is certainly likely to genuinely be based on the intention why cek grammar online it is that you're writing the article in the initial spot. In choosing your topic, it's frequently a good concept to start with a subject which you already have some familiarity with. Pay close attention to all things electronic, and you will be certain to find something debatable of what you see. When you're picking your topic, remember that it's much simpler to write about something which you presently have interest ineven in case you don't know a great deal about it. Many brilliant individuals who achieved success in life proved actually academic drop-outs. Certainly among the best approaches to decide on the topic is really to acquire the one which you're in possession of a very more potent notion about. There isn't anything like a controversial topic to have the blood. The issue, nevertheless, is that often terminally ill folks aren't capable of ending their life in a painless, dignified fashion, and thus require the aid of a relative of close friend. Debates are a fantastic way for students to get involved with class. Essays are sometimes a tough assignment for many students. Controversial Topics Essay Secrets Though you might feel queasy at the notion of teaching some topics, utilize these strategies to allow it to be ateaching triumph in the place of a classroom catastrophe. The shortage of excellent support sources will end in a decrease grade. Even if you're a specialist in a particular field, don't be afraid to use and cite external sources. Our crew of professional writers with the required experience and writing skills is always prepared to fulfill your demands and exceed your expectations. Controversial Topics Essay Argumentative essay topics are much so crucial because they are debatableand it is essential to all times be critically contemplating the surroundings. You will understand what things to concentrate on and w rite about once you wish to take the SAT essay so you've got the most score possible. Your essay could need to discuss non-physical kinds of relaxation. Writing a descriptive essay might be a rich and satisfying experience, but nevertheless, it might also feel somewhat complicated.

Different welding techniques - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 21 Words: 6389 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION OF THE FSW TECHNIQUE In todays modern world there are many different welding techniques to join metals. They range from the conventional oxyacetylene torch welding to laser welding. The two general categories in which all the types of welding can be divided is fusion welding and solid state welding. The fusion welding process involves chemical bonding of the metal in the molten stage and may need a filler material such as a consumable electrode or a spool of wire of the filler material, the process may also need a inert ambience in order to avoid oxidation of the molten metal, this could be achieved by a flux material or a inert gas shield in the weld zone, there could be need for adequate surface preparations, examples of fusion welding are metal inert gas welding (MIG), tungsten inert gas welding (TIG) and laser welding. There are many disadvantages in the welding techniques where the metal is heated to its melting temperatures and let it solidify to form the joint. The melting and solidification causes the mechanical properties of the weld to deteriorate such as low tensile strength, fatigue strength and ductility. The disadvantages also include porosity, oxidation, microsegregation, hot cracking and other microstructural defects in the joint. The process also limits the comb ination of the metals that can be joined because of the different thermal coefficients of conductivity and expansion of different metals. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Different welding techniques" essay for you Create order The solid state welding is the process where coalescence is produced at temperatures below the melting temperatures of the base metal with out any need for the filler material or any inert ambience because the metal does not reach its melting temperature for the oxidation to occur, examples of solid state welding are friction welding, explosion welding, forge welding, hot pressure welding and ultrasonic welding. The three important parameters time, temperature and pressure individually or in combinations produce the joint in the base metal. As the metal in solid state welding does not reach its melting temperatures so there are fewer defects caused due to the melting and solidification of the metal. In solid state welding the metals being joined retain their original properties as melting does not occur in the joint and the heat affected zone (HAZ) is also very small compared to fusion welding techniques where most of the deterioration of the strengths and ductility begins. Dissimila r metals can be joined with ease as the thermal expansion coefficients and the thermal conductivity coefficients are less important as compared to fusion welding. Friction stir welding (FSW) is an upgraded version of friction welding. The conventional friction welding is done by moving the parts to be joined relative to each other along a common interface also applying compressive forces across the joint. The frictional heat generated at the interface due to rubbing softens the metal and the soft metal gets extruded due to the compressive forces and the joint forms in the clear material, the relative motion is stopped and compressive forces are increased to form a sound weld before the weld is allowed to cool. Friction stir welding is also a solid state welding processes; this remarkable upgradation of friction welding was invented in 1991 in The Welding Institute (TWI) [4]. The process starts with clamping the plates to be welded to a backing plate so that the plates do not fly away during the welding process. A rotating wear resistant tool is plunged on the interface between the plates to a predetermined depth and moves forward in the interface between the plates to form the weld. The advantages of FSW technique is that it is environment friendly, energy efficient, there is no necessity for gas shielding for welding Al, mechanical properties as proven by fatigue, tensile tests are excellent, there is no fume, no porosity, no spatter and low shrinkage of the metal due to welding in the solid state of the metal and an excellent way of joining dissimilar and previously unweldable metals. 1.2 ALUMINUM ALLOYS AND WELDING OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS Aluminum is the most abundant metal available in the earths crust, steel was the most used metal in 19th century but Aluminium has become a strong competitor for steel in engineering applications. Aluminium has many attractive properties compared to steel it is economical and versatile to use that is the reason it is used a lot in the aerospace, automobile and other industries. The most attractive properties of aluminum and its alloys which make them suitable for a wide variety of applications are their light weight, appearance, frabricability, strength and corrosion resistance. The most important property of aluminum is its ability to change its properties in a very versatile manner; it is amazing how much the properties can change from the pure aluminum metal to its most complicate alloys. There are more then a couple of hundreds alloys of aluminum alloys and many are being modified form them internationally. Aluminium alloys have very low density compared to steel it has almost on e thirds the density of steel. Properly treated alloys of aluminum can resist the oxidation process which steel can not resist; it can also resist corrosion by water, salt and other factors. There are many different methods available for joining aluminum and its alloys. The selection of the method depends on many factors such as geometry and the material of the parts to be joined, required strength of the joint, permanent or dismountable joint, number of parts to be joined, the aesthetic appeal of the joint and the service conditions such as moisture, temperature, inert atmosphere and corrosion. Welding is one of the most used methods for aluminum. Most alloys of aluminum are easily weldable. MIG and TIG are the welding processes which are used the most, but there are some problems associated with this welding process like porosity, lack of fusion due to oxide layers, incomplete penetration, cracks, inclusions and undercut, but they can be joined by other methods such as resistance welding, friction welding, stud welding and laser welding. When welding many physical and chemical changes occur such as oxide formation, dissolution of hydrogen in molten aluminum and lack of color change when heated. The formation of oxides of aluminum is because of its strong affinity to oxygen, aluminum oxidizes very quickly after it has been exposed to oxygen. Aluminum oxide forms if the metal is joined using fusion welding processes, and aluminum oxide has a high melting point temperature than the metal and its alloys it self so it results in incomplete fusion if present when joined by fusion welding processes. Aluminum oxide is a electrical insulator if it is thick enough it is capable of preventing the arc which starts the welding process, so special methods such as inert gas welding, or use of fluxes is necessary if aluminum has to be welded using the fusion welding processes. Hydrogen has high solubility in liquid aluminum when the weld pool is at high temperature and the metal is still in liquid state the metal absorbs lots of hydrogen which has very low solubility in the solid state of the metal. The trapped hydrogen can not escape and forms porosity in the weld. All the sources of hydrogen has to be eliminated in order to get sound welds such as lubricants on base metal or the filler material, moisture on the surface of base metal or condensations inside the welding equipment if it uses water cooling and moisture in the shielding inert gases. These precautions require considerable pretreatment of the workpiece to be welded and the welding equipment. Hot cracking is also a problem of major concern when welding aluminum, it occurs due to the high thermal expansion of aluminum, large change in the volume of the metal upon melting and solidification and its wide range of solidification temperatures. The heat treatable alloys have greater amounts of alloying elements so the weld crack sensitivity is of concern. The thermal expansion of aluminum is twice that of steel, in fusion welding process the melting and cooling occurs very fast which is the reason for residual stress concentrations. Weldability of some aluminum alloys is an issue with the fusion welding processes. The 2000 series, 5000 series, 6000 series and 7000 series of aluminum alloys have different weldabilities. The 2000 series of aluminum alloys have poor weldability generally because of the cooper content which causes hot cracking and poor solidification microstructure and porosity in the fusion zone so the fusion welding processes are not very suitable for these alloys. The 5000 series of aluminum alloys with more than 3% of Mg content is susceptible to cracking due to stress concentration in corrosive environments, so high Mg alloys of 5000 series of aluminum should not be exposed to corrosive environments at high temperatures to avoid stress corrosion cracking. All the 6000 series of aluminum are readily weldable but are some times susceptible to hot cracking under certain conditions. The 7000 series of aluminum are both weldable and non-weldable depending on the chemical composition of the alloy. Alloys with low Zn-Mg and Cu content are readily weldable and they have the special ability of recovering the strength lost in the HAZ after some weeks of storage after the weld. Alloys with high Zn-Mg and Cu content have a high tendency to hot crack after welding. All the 7000 series of aluminum have the sensitivity to stress concentration cracking. All these problems associated with the welding of these different alloys of aluminum has lead to the development of solid state welding processes like Friction Stir Welding technique which is an upgraded version of the friction welding processes. This process has many advantages associated with it, and it can weld many aluminum alloys such as 2000 and 7000 series which are difficult to weld by fusion welding processes. The advantages of the Friction Stir Welding processes are low distortion even in long welds, no fuse, no porosity, no spatter, low shrinkage, can operate in all positions, very energy efficient and excellent mechanical properties as proven by the fatigue, tension and bend tests. 1.3 Conventional Welding Processes of Aluminum A brief description of the most common processes, their applications on aluminum and limitations are given below. 1.3.1 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW): In gas tungsten arc welding process the heat generated by an arc, which is maintained between the workpiece and a non-consumable tungsten, electrode is used to fuse the joint area. The arc is sustained in an inert gas, which serves to protect the weld pool and the electrode from atmospheric contamination as shown in Figure 2.3. The process has the following features: It is conducted in a chemically inert atmosphere; The arc energy density is relatively high; The process is very controllable; Joint quality is usually high; Deposition rates and joint completion rates are low. The process may be applied to the joining of a wide range of engineering materials including stainless steel, aluminum alloys and reactive metals such as titanium. These features of the process lead to its widespread application in aerospace, nuclear reprocessing and power generation industries as well as in the fabrication of chemical process plant, food processing and brewing equipment. 1.3.2 Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW): Shielded metal arc welding has for many years been one of the most common techniques applied to the fabrication of steels. The process uses an arc as the heat source but shielding is provided by gases generated by the decomposition of the electrode coating material and by the slag produced by the melting of mineral constituents of the coating. In addition to heating and melting the parent material the arc also melts the core of the electrode and thereby provides filler material for the joint. The electrode coating may also be used as source of alloying elements and additional filler material. The flux and electrode chemistry may be formulated to deposit wear- and corrosion-resistant layers for surface protection as shown in Figure 2.4. Significant features of the process are: Equipment requirement are simple; A large range of consumables are available; The process is extremely portable; The operating efficiency is low; It is labor intensive. For these reasons the process has been traditionally used in structural steel fabrication, shipbuilding and heavy engineering as well as for small batch production and maintenance. 1.3.3 Plasma welding: Plasma welding uses the heat generated by a constricted arc to fuse the joint area; the arc is formed between the tip of a non-consumable electrode and either the work piece or the constricting nozzle as shown in Figure 2.5. A wide range of shielding and cutting gases is used depending on the mode of operation and the application. In the normal transferred arc mode the arc is maintained between the electrode and the work piece; the electrode is usually the cathode and the work piece is connected to the positive side of the power supply. In this mode a high energy density is achieved and the process may be used effectively for welding and cutting. The features of the process depend on the operating mode and the current, but in summary the plasma process has the following characteristics: Good low-current arc stability Improved directionality compared with GTAW Improved melting efficiency compared with GTAW Possibility of keyhole welding The keyhole technique is the high heat concentration can penetrate completely through the joint. These features of the process make it suitable for a range of applications including the joining of very thin materials, the encapsulation of electronic components and sensors, and high- speed longitudinal welds on strip and pipe. 1.3.4 Laser welding The laser may be used as an alternative heat source for fusion welding. The focused power density of the laser can reach 1010 or 1012 Wm-2 and welding is often carried out using the keyhole technique. Significant features of laser welding are: Very confined heat source at low power Deep penetration at high power Reduced distortion and thermal damage Out-of-vacuum technique High equipment cost These features have led to the application of leaders for micro joining of electronic components, but the process is also being applied to the fabrication of automotive components and precision machine tool parts in heavy section steel. 1.4 Weld Defects using Conventional Processes Because of a history of thermal cycling and attendant micro structural changes, a welded joint may develop certain discontinuities. Welding discontinuities can also be caused by inadequate or careless application of established welding technologies or substandard operator training. The major discontinuities that affect weld quality are described below. 1.4.1 Porosity: Trapped gases released during melting of the weld area and trapped during solidification, chemical reactions during welding, or contaminants, cause porosity in welds. Most welded joints contain some porosity, which is generally spherical in shape or in the form of elongated pockets. The distribution of porosity in the weld zone may be random, or it may be concentrated in a certain region. Porosity in welds can be reduced by the following methods: Proper selection of electrodes and filler metals. Improving welding techniques, such as preheating the weld area or increasing the rate of heat input. Proper cleaning and preventing contaminants from entering the weld zone. Slowing the welding speed to allow time for gas to escape.8 1.4.2 Slag inclusions: Slag inclusions are compounds such as oxides, fluxes, and electrode-coating materials that are trapped in the weld zone. If shielding gases are not effective during welding, contamination from the environment may also contribute to such inclusions. Welding conditions are important, and with proper techniques the molten slag will float to the surface of the molten weld metal and not be entrapped. Slag inclusions may be prevented by: Cleaning the weld-bead surface before the next layer is deposited by using a hand or power wire brush. Providing adequate shielding gas. Redesigning the joint to permit sufficient space for proper manipulation of the puddle of molten weld metal. 1.4.3. Incomplete fusion and penetration: A better weld can be obtained by: Raising the temperature of the base metal. Cleaning the weld area prior to welding. Changing the joint design and type of electrode. Providing adequate shielding gas. Incomplete occurs when the depth of the welded joint is insufficient. Penetration can be improved by: Increasing the heat input. Lowering travel speed during welding. Changing the joint design. Ensuring that surfaces to be joined fit properly.8 1.4.4 Weld profile: Weld profile is important not only because of its effects on the strength and appearance of the weld, but also because it can indicate incomplete fusion or the presence of slag inclusions in multiple-layer welds. Under filling results when the joint is not filled with the proper amount of weld metal Figure 2.7. Undercutting results from melting away the base metal and subsequently generating a groove in the shape of recess or notch. Unless it is not deep or sharp, an undercut can act as a stress raiser and reduce the fatigue strength of the joint and may lead to premature failure. Overlap is a surface discontinuity generally caused by poor welding practice and selection of the wrong materials. A proper weld is shown in Figure 2.7c.5 1.4.5 Cracks: Cracks may occur in various locations and direction in the weld area. The types of cracks are typically longitudinal, transverse, crater, and toe cracks Figure 2.8. These cracks generally result from a combination of the following factors: Temperature gradients that cause thermal stresses in the weld zone. Variations in the composition of the weld zone that cause different contractions. Embitterment of grain boundaries by segregation of elements, such as sulfur, to the grain boundaries as the solid-liquid boundary moves when the weld metal begins to solidify. Hydrogen embitterment. Inability of the weld metal to contract during cooling is a situation similar to hot tears that develops in castings and related to excessive restraint of the work piece. (a) crater cracks. (b)Various types of cracks in butt and T joints.8 Cracks are classified as hot or cold cracks. Hot cracks occur while the joint is still at elevated temperatures. Cold cracks develop after the weld metal has solidified. Some crack prevention measures are: Change the joint design to minimize stresses from shrinkage during cooling. Change welding-process parameters, procedures, and sequence. Preheat components being welded. Avoid rapid cooling of the components after welding.8 1.4.6 Lameller tears: In describing the anisotropy of plastically deformed metals, we stated that because of the alignment of nonmetallic impurities and inclusions (stringers), the work piece is weaker when tested in its thickness direction. This condition is particularly evident in rolled plates and structural shapes. In welding such components, lamellar tears may develop because of shrinkage of the members in the members or by changing the joint design to make the weld bead penetrate the wearer member more deeply.8 1.4.7 Surface damage: During welding, some of the metal may spatter and be deposited as small droplets on adjacent surfaces. In arc welding possess, the electrode may inadvertently contact the parts being welded at places not in the weld zone (arc strikes). Such surface discontinuities may be objectionable for reasons of appearance or subsequent use of the welded part. If severe, these discontinuities may adversely affect the properties of the welded structure, particularly for notch-sensitive metals. Using proper welding techniques and procedures is important in avoiding surface damage.8 1.5 Skill and Training requirements: Many of the traditional welding processes required high levels of operator skill and dexterity, this can involve costly training programs, particularly when the procedural requirement described above need to be met. The newer processes can offer some reduction in the overall skill requirement but this unfortunately been replaced in some cases by more complex equipment and the time involved in establishing the process parameters has brought about a reduction in operating factor. Developments, which seek to simplify the operation of the equipment, will be described below but effective use of even the most advanced processes and equipment requires appropriate levels of operator and support staff training. The cost of this training will usually be recovered very quickly in improved productivity and quality. 1.6 Areas for development: Advances in welding processes may be justified in: Increased deposition rate; Reduced cycle time; Improved process control; Reduced repair rate; Reduced weld size; Reduced joint preparation time; Improved operating factor; Reduction in post-weld operations; Reduction in potential safety hazards; Removal of the operator from hazardous area; Simplified equipment setting. Some or all these requirement have been met in many of the process developments which have occurred in the ten years; these will be described in detail in the following chapters but the current trends in the of this technology are examined below. 1.7 New processes: The Primary incentive for welding process development is the need to improve the total cost effectiveness of joining operations in requirement for new processes. Recently, concern over the safety of the welding environment and the potential shortage of skilled technicians and operator in many countries have become important considerations. Many of the traditional welding techniques described in this Chapter are regarded as costly and hazardous and it is possible to improve both of these aspects significantly by employing some of the advanced process developments described in the following chapters. The use of new joining techniques such as Friction Stir Welding appears to be increasing since it does not involve melting. The application of these processes has in the past been restricted, but with the increased recognition of the benefits of automation and the requirement for high-integrity joints in newer materials it is envisaged that the use of these techniques will grow. This is a new process originally intended for welding of aerospace alloys, especially aluminum extrusions. Whereas in conventional friction welding, heating of interfaces is achieved through friction by rubbing two surfaces, in the FSW process, a third body is rubbed against the two surfaces to be joined in the form of a small rotating non-consumable tool that is plunged into the joint. The contact pressure causes frictional heating. The probe at the tip of the rotating tool forces heating and mixing or stirring of the material in the joint. 1.8 Research objectives: The objectives of our project are to: Adopt FSW to a milling machine Design the FSW tools, select its material and have it manufactured Design the required clamping system Apply FSW to plates of an alloy that is not readily weldable by conventional methods Investigate FSW parameters (RPM, Feed Rate and Axial force) Analyze conventionally welded and Friction Stir welded sections then compare their properties. The objective of this research is to characterize the mechanical properties of friction stir welded joints and study the micro structure of the base metal and the weld nugget evolved during the friction stir welding of similar and dissimilar alloys of Aluminum. Aluminum 2024 and 7075 are considered for this investigation. The mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, formability, ductility and vickers hardness are measured and an effort is made to find out a relation between the process variables and properties of the weld. The optimal process parameters for the Friction-Stir welding of AA2024 and AA7075 will be defined based on the experimental results. Having understood the significance of FSP, the main objective of this thesis is to investigate the effect of process parameters like rotational and translational speeds on the forces generated during FSP of aluminum alloys and relate these forces with the microstructure evolved in order to optimize the process. The specific objectives of the work presented are: Design and conduct FS processing experiments on aluminum alloy for different combinations of rotational and translation speeds. Measuring the generated processing forces during FSP of aluminum alloys Examine the microstructural of the processed sheets using transmission electron microscope (TEM). Attempt to establish a correlation between these measured forces and the resulting microstructure. Chapter 2 Review of Literature 2.1 General Idea of the Friction Stir Technology This section gives an insight into the innovative technology called friction stir technology. The action of rubbing two objects together causing friction to provide heat is one dating back many centuries as stated by Thomas et.al [1]. The principles of this method now form the basis of many traditional and novel friction welding, surfacing and processing techniques. The friction process is an efficient and controllable method of plasticizing a specific area on a material, and thus removing contaminants in preparation for welding, surfacing/cladding or extrusion. The process is environmentally friendly as it does not require consumables (filler wire, flux or gas) and produces no fumes. In friction welding, heat is produced by rubbing components together under load. Once the required temperature and material deformation is reached, the action is terminated and the load is maintained or increased to create a solid phase bond. Friction is ideal for welding dissimilar metals with very different melting temperatures and physical properties. Some of the friction stir technologies ar e shown in the Fig.2-1. Work carried out at TWI by Thomas et.al [2,3] has demonstrated that several alternative techniques exist or are being developed to meet the requirement for consistent and reliable joining of mass production aluminum alloy vehicle bodies. Three of these techniques (mechanical fasteners, lasers and friction stir welding) are likely to make an impact in industrial processing over the next 5 years. FSW could be applied in the manufacture of straight-line welds in sheet and extrusions as a low cost alternative to arc welding (e.g. in the fabrication of truck floors or walls). The development of robotized friction stir welding heads could extend the range of applications into three dimensional components. Mishra et.al [4] extended the FSW innovation to process Al 7075 and Al 5083 in order to render them superplastic. They observed that the grains obtained were recrystallized, equiaxed and homogeneous with average grain sizes 300 rpm no abnormal grain size was observed. Friction stir processing of nanophase aluminum alloys led to high strength ~ 650 MPa with good ductility above 10% [Figure 2-4]. Improvements in ductility were due to a significantly improved homogenization of the microstructure during FSP. The FSP technique is very effective in producing ductile, very high specific strength aluminum alloys, such as the Al-Ti-Cu and Al-Ti-Ni as investigated by Beron et al. [26]. The authors investigated two processes: hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and friction stir process (FSP) and compared the microstructures and corresponding properties resulted from the respective processes on 7075 Al alloy. HIP results in a very high strength alloy with low ductility and inhomogeneous structure. But FSP results in comparatively low strength below 740Mpa but very high ductility at temperatures above 300ÂÂ °C at ~500ÂÂ °C. However the FS processing parameters can be optimized to lower both the operating temperature and time at the temperature in order to improve the strength further. Thus this paper concludes that FSP produces high strength Al alloys with significant ductility. Sato et al. [27] investigated the effect of rotational speed on the microstructure and hardness during friction stir welding of Al 6063-T5. They concluded that the maximum temperature of the welding thermal cycle increased with increase in rotational speed. And also it is observed that the recrystallized grain size increased exponentially with the increasing maximum temperature. Thus they clearly indicated that there is an increase in grain size as the rotational speed increased. Sato et al. investigated the precipitation sequence in friction stir weld of 6063 Al alloy during aging [28] and concluded that post weld annealing at 440K for 12hrs gives greater hardness in overall weld than in the as- received base material and also shifted the minimum hardness from as-welded minimum hardness region to the precipitated-coarsened region. They have also studied the micro-texture of the friction stir welded 6063-T5 Al alloy using orientation imaging microscopy [29]. Sato et al. [30] examined the dominant microstructural factors governing the global tensile properties of a FS welded joint of 6063 Al alloy by estimating the distribution of local tensile properties corresponding to local microstructure and hardness. They concluded that the minimum hardness determined global yield and ultimate tensile strengths of the weld joint. They stated that in a homogeneously hard joint, such as a solution heat treated and aged weld, a fracture was observed to be located in a region with a minimum average Taylor factor (M) which is equivalent to s/tc where s is the applied uniaxial stress and tc the shear stress working on active plane systems. Lockwood et al. [31] studied the global and local mechanical response of FS welded AA2024 both experimentally and numerically. Transverse loaded tensile specimens via the digital image correlation technique obtained full field strain measurements. Assuming an iso-stress configuration, local constitutive data were determined for the various weld regions and were used as input for a 2D finite element model. The numerical results compared well with the experimental results in predicting the global mechanical response especially the strain levels. It was also observed that the global strain level was approximately 4% for both the model and experiment. Mahoney et al. [32] conducted longitudinal and transverse (to the friction stir welded) tensile testing on AA 7075 alloy, which demonstrated that the weakest region associated with FSW was the low temperature location within the heat-affected zone about 7 to 8 mm from the edge of the weld nugget. The yield strength at this location was 45pct less than that of the base metal while; the ultimate tensile strength was 25pct less. Thus concluded that in weldable Al alloys typically, the weld zone would exhibits a 30 to 60 pct reduction in yield and ultimate strengths, hence the losses due to friction stir process were at the lower end of the range for Al alloys. Mitchell et al. [33] performed FSW of ÂÂ ¼ thick AA6061 sheets for eight combinations of rotational and translational speeds. In their work they presented the forces generated especially the transverse and translation forces and also the temperatures. The temperature is measured using thermocouples. They observed that the transverse force was greater than translation force for all the combinations of speeds and feeds. Their work clearly showed that there exists a unique combination of shear and normal forces that produces a friction stir weld and have stated that the understanding of the contribution of two forces and the relationship to each other was important in modeling the FSW process. Jata et al. [34] FS welded Al 7050-T7451 alloy to investigate the effects on the microstructure and mechanical properties. Results were discussed for the as-welded condition (as-FSW) and for a postweld heat-treated condition consisting of 121ÂÂ °C for 24 hours (as-FSW + T6) did not result in an improvement either in the strength or the ductility of the welded material. It was evident from TEM analysis that the FS welding process transformed the initial 1mm sized pancake-shaped grains in the parent material to fine 1to5ÂÂ µm dynamically recrystallized grains. Tensile specimens tested transverse to the weld showed that there was a 25 to 30 pct reduction in the strength level, a 60 pct reduction in the elongation in the as-FSW condition, and that the fracture path was observed in the HAZ. Comparison of fatigue-crack growth rates (FCGRs) between the parent T7451 material and the as-FSW + T6 condition, at a stress ratio of R = 0.33, showed that the FCG resistance of the weld-nug get region decreased, while that of the HAZ increased. 2.3 Studies on Tool and Tool Wear during FSW The tool design plays a very crucial role in friction stir technology. Hence it becomes an important area of study to make the process more efficient. There have been few contributions in this area which can be jotted as follows. The design of the tool is the key to the successful application of the process to a greater range of materials and over a wider range of thickness. A number of different high performance tool designs have been investigated. The investigations by Thomas et al. [35] describe the recent developments using these enhanced tools from the perspective of existing and potential applications. Aluminum alloy plates of thickness 1mm to 50mm have been successfully friction stir welded in one pass and a 75mm thick FSW weld in 6082 T6 aluminum alloy plate. Encouraging results and good performance have been achieved by using the MX TrifluteTM type tools to make single pass welds in a number of materials, from 6mm to 50mm in thickness. Typically, the WhorlTM reduced the displaced volume by about 60%, while the MX TrifluteTM reduced the displaced volume by about 70%. Tool wear in a right-hand-threaded, carbon steel nib reached a maximum at 1000 rpm counter-clockwise rotation speed in the FSW of an aluminum 6061+20 vol. % Al2O3 MMC where the corresponding, effective wear rate was approximately 0.64%/cm as studied by Prado et al. [36]. Above 1000 rpm the wear rate declined. It was approximately 0.42% /cm at 1500 rpm and 0.56%/cm at 2000 rpm. There was no measurable wear and essentially zero wear rate for the same nib rotating at 1000rpm for the FSW of a commercially Al6061 alloy. 2.4 Microstructural studies on friction stirred alloys A basic understanding of the evolution of microstructure in the dynamically recrystallized region of FS material and relation of this with the deformation process variables of strain, strain rate, temperature and process parameters is very essential. This section would give an insight into such studies. Peel et.al. [7] reported the results of microstructural, mechanical property and residual stress investigations of four AA5083 FS welds produced under varying conditions. It was found that the weld properties were dominated by the thermal input (thermal excursion) rather than the mechanical deformation by the tool, resulting in a 30 mm wide zone of equiaxed grains around the weld line. Increasing the traverse speed and hence reducing the heat input narrowed the weld zone. It is observed that the recrystallization resulting in the weld zone had considerably lower hardness and yield strength than the parent AA5083. During tensile testing, almost all the plastic flow occurred within the recrystallized weld zone and the synchrotron residual stress analysis indicated that the weld zone is in tension in both the longitudinal and transverse directions. The peak longitudinal stresses increased as the traverse speed increases. This increase is probably due to steeper thermal gradients during welding and the reduced time for stress relaxation to occur. The tensile stresses appear to be limited to the softened weld zone resulting in a narrowing of the tensile region (and the peak stresses) as the traverse speed increased. Measurements of the unstrained lattice parameter (d0) indicated variations with distance from the weld line that would result in significant errors in the inferred residual stresses if a single value for d0 were used for diffraction based experiment. The evolution of the fine-grained structure in friction-stir processed aluminum has been studied by Rhodes et.al. [8] using a rotating-tool plunge and extract technique. In these experiments, the rotating tool introduced severe deformation in the starting grain structure, including severe deformation of the pre-existing sub-grains. Extreme surface cooling was used to freeze in the starting structure. Heat generated by the rotating tool was indicated as a function of the rotation speed and the external cooling rate. At slower cooling rates and/or faster tool rotation speeds, recrystallization of the deformed aluminum was observed to occur. The initial sizes of the newly recrystallized grains were in the order of 25-100 nm, considerably smaller than the pre-existing sub-grains in the starting condition. Subsequent experiments revealed that the newly recrystallized grains grow to a size (2-5ÂÂ µm) equivalent to that found in friction-stir processed aluminum, after heating 1-4 min a t 350-450 ÂÂ °C. It is postulated that the 2-5 ÂÂ µm grains found in friction-stir welded and friction-stir processed aluminum alloys arose as the result of nucleation and growth within a heavily deformed structure and not from the rotation of pre-existing sub-grains. Sato et.al [9] applied FSW to an accumulative roll-bonded (ARBed) Al alloy 1100. FSW resulted in reproduction of fine grains in the stir zone and small growth of the ultrafine grains of the ARBed material just outside the stir zone. FSW was reported to suppress large reductions of hardness in the ARBed material, although the stir zone and the TMAZ experienced small reductions of hardness due to dynamic recrystallization and recovery. Consequently, FSW effectively prevented the softening in the ARBed alloy which had an equivalent strain of 4.8. The microstructure evolution of a joint of Al-Si-Mg alloys A6056-T4 and A6056-T6 was characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) by Cabibbo et.al. [10]. Metallurgical investigations, hardness and mechanical tests were also performed to correlate the TEM investigations to the mechanical properties of the produced FSW butt joint. After FSW thermal treatment was carried out at 530 ÂÂ °C followed by ageing at 160 ÂÂ °C (T6). The base material (T4) and the heat-treated one (T6) were put in comparison showing a remarkable ductility reduction of the joint after T6 treatment i.e., it was 80-90% of that of the parent material. The microstructure of a FSW Al-6.0Cu-0.75Mg-0.65Ag (wt.%) alloy in the peak-aged T6 temper was characterized by TEM by Lityska et.al. [11]. Strengthening precipitates found in the base alloys dissolved in the weld nugget, while it was observed that in the heat-affected zone Cu) and s (Althey were coarsened considerably, causing softening inside the weld region. Precipitates of the O (Al2Cu) phase, was considered as the main strengthening phase in base material, grew up to 200-300 nm in the heat-affected zone, but their density decreased. It was observed that they co-existed with F'(Al2Cu), S'(Al2CuMg), F(Al25Cu6Mg2) phases. The density of the F and S phases as well as their sizes increased in comparison to the base material. The high-resolution observation allowed them to compare the morphology of the O phase plates in the heat-affected zone and in the base material. The grain structure, dislocation density and second phase particles in various regions including the dynamically recrystallized zone (DXZ), thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), and heat affected zone (HAZ) of a FSW aluminum alloy 7050-T651 were investigated and compared with the unaffected base metal by Su et.al. [12]. The various regions were studied in detail to better understand the microstructural evolution during FSW. They concluded that the microstructural development in each region was a strong function of the local thermo-mechanical cycle experienced during welding. Using the combination of structural characteristics observed in each weld region, a new dynamic recrystallization model was proposed. The precipitation phenomena in different weld regions were also discussed. The laser beam and friction stir processes were applied to the ECA pressed Al alloy 1050 with the thickness of 1 mm by Sato et.al. [13]. The ECA pressed alloy after two passes through the die consisted of cell structure with cell size of about 0.58 ÂÂ µm, and the hardness value was approximately 46 Hv. The LBW produced as-cast coarse microstructure and coarse equiaxed grain structure at the fusion zone and the HAZ respectively, which led to the hardness reduction to